Phytochemical Study and Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of Extracts of the Roots of Chrysopogon nigritanus

In this work, we were interested in a medicinal plant named Chrysopogon nigritanus, belonging to the Poaceae family. In order to carry out this study, we were interested first in the phytochemical screening test, after having carried out the extraction with two solvents (water and isopropanol), to characterize the different families of metabolites present in the extracts. Then, the assays of polyphenols and flavonoids were carried out in order to quantify the contents of these two compounds in each extract. Finally, the antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated by three methods: the CUPRAC method, the trapping of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH•) and the trapping of the ABTS•+ radical-cation (2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)). The best antioxidant activities were obtained with the ABTS•+ radical scavenging with IC50 of 0.13 mg/mL for the aqueous extract and 0.19 mg/mL for the isopropanol extract. Based on these first results, an in-depth study is underway for various biological tests and the isolation of bioactive molecules.

The inhibitory effect of Cannabis Sativa L. and Morus nigra L. against lipid peroxidation in goat liver and brain homogenates / O efeito inibitório de Cannabis Sativa L. e Morus nigra L. contra a peroxidação lipídica em homogenatos de fígado e cérebro de cabra

Abstract The present study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential and inhibitory effect ofCannabis sativa and Morus nigra against lipid peroxidation in goat brain and liver homogenates. The formation of free radicals, highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) is a normal metabolic process for cellular signaling and countering the antigens. However, they may cause serious damage if they produced at amplified tolls. In addition, metabolic disorders also serve as sources of these reactive species. Although the issue can be addressed through supplements and other phytochemicals. In this study, two plant species were evaluated for their biological potential by employing a spectrum of antioxidant assays. The antioxidant activity was performed by lipid peroxidation assay. The water extract prepared from leaves of Cannabis sativa and Morus nigra showed significant (P<0.05) inhibition as compared to control i.e., 522.6±0.06 and 659.97±0.03 µg/mL against iron-induced lipid peroxidation in goat brain homogenate while the inhibitions were 273.54±0.04 and 309.18±0.05 µg/mL against nitroprusside induced lipid peroxidation of the brain. The iron and nitroprusside induced lipid peroxidation was also significantly inhibited by leaf extracts of Cannabis sativa and Morus nigra in liver homogenates such as 230.63±0.52 and 326.91±0.01 µg/mL (iron-induced) while 300.47±0.07 and 300.47±0.07 µg/mL (nitroprusside induced), respectively. The extracts of Cannabis sativa extract showed promising activity (96.04±0.060%) against DPPH radicals while Morus nigra showed a moderate activity (34.11±0.120%). The results suggest that different accessions ofCannabis sativa and Morus nigra are a potential source of antioxidants and have a therapeutic effect against disease induced by oxidative stress and hence can be used for novel drug discovery and development.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial antioxidante e o efeito inibitório de Cannabis sativa e Morus nigra contra a peroxidação lipídica em homogenatos de cérebro e fígado de cabras. A formação de radicais livres, espécies altamente reativas de oxigênio (ROS) e espécies reativas de nitrogênio (RNS), é um processo metabólico normal para sinalização celular e combate aos antígenos. No entanto, eles podem causar sérios danos se forem produzidos em portagens ampliadas. Além disso, distúrbios metabólicos também servem como fontes dessas espécies reativas, embora o problema possa ser resolvido por meio de suplementos e outros fitoquímicos. Neste estudo, duas espécies de plantas foram avaliadas quanto ao seu potencial biológico, empregando um espectro de ensaios antioxidantes. A atividade antioxidante foi realizada por ensaio de peroxidação lipídica. O extrato de água preparado a partir de folhas de Cannabis sativa e Morus nigra mostrou inibição significativa (P < 0,05) em comparação com o controle, ou seja, 522,6 ± 0,06 e 659,97 ± 0,03 µg / mL contra peroxidação lipídica induzida por ferro em homogenato de cérebro de cabra, enquanto as inibições foram 273,54 ± 0,04 e 309,18 ± 0,05 µg / mL contra a peroxidação lipídica do cérebro induzida por nitroprussiato. A peroxidação lipídica induzida por ferro e nitroprussiato também foi significativamente inibida por extratos de folhas de Cannabis sativa e Morus nigra em homogenatos de fígado, como 230,63 ± 0,52 e 326,91 ± 0,01 µg / mL (induzida por ferro), enquanto 300,47 ± 0,07 e 300,47 ± 0,07 µg / mL (induzida por nitroprussiato), respectivamente. Os extratos do extrato de Cannabis sativa apresentaram atividade promissora (96,04 ± 0,060%) contra os radicais DPPH enquanto Morus nigra apresentou atividade moderada (34,11 ± 0,120%). Os resultados sugerem que diferentes acessos de Cannabis sativa e Morus nigra são uma fonte potencial de antioxidantes e têm efeito terapêutico contra doenças induzidas por estresse oxidativo e, portanto, podem ser usados ​​para a descoberta e desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos.

The inhibitory effect of Cannabis Sativa L. and Morus nigra L. against lipid peroxidation in goat liver and brain homogenates / O efeito inibitório de Cannabis Sativa L. e Morus nigra L. contra a peroxidação lipídica em homogenatos de fígado e cérebro de cabra

The present study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential and inhibitory effect of Cannabis sativa and Morus nigra against lipid peroxidation in goat brain and liver homogenates. The formation of free radicals, highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) is a normal metabolic process for cellular signaling and countering the antigens. However, they may cause serious damage if they produced at amplified tolls. In addition, metabolic disorders also serve as sources of these reactive species. Although the issue can be addressed through supplements and other phytochemicals. In this study, two plant species were evaluated for their biological potential by employing a spectrum of antioxidant assays. The antioxidant activity was performed by lipid peroxidation assay. The water extract prepared from leaves of Cannabis sativa and Morus nigra showed significant (P<0.05) inhibition as compared to control i.e., 522.6±0.06 and 659.97±0.03 µg/mL against iron-induced lipid peroxidation in goat brain homogenate while the inhibitions were 273.54±0.04 and 309.18±0.05 µg/mL against nitroprusside induced lipid peroxidation of the brain. The iron and nitroprusside induced lipid peroxidation was also significantly inhibited by leaf extracts of Cannabis sativa and Morus nigra in liver homogenates such as 230.63±0.52 and 326.91±0.01 µg/mL (iron-induced) while 300.47±0.07 and 300.47±0.07 µg/mL (nitroprusside induced), respectively. The extracts of Cannabis sativa extract showed promising activity (96.04±0.060%) against DPPH radicals while Morus nigra showed a moderate activity (34.11±0.120%). The results suggest that different accessions of Cannabis sativa and Morus nigra are a potential source of antioxidants and have a therapeutic effect against disease induced by oxidative stress and hence can be used for novel drug discovery and development.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial antioxidante e o efeito inibitório de Cannabis sativa e Morus nigra contra a peroxidação lipídica em homogenatos de cérebro e fígado de cabras. A formação de radicais livres, espécies altamente reativas de oxigênio (ROS) e espécies reativas de nitrogênio (RNS), é um processo metabólico normal para sinalização celular e combate aos antígenos. No entanto, eles podem causar sérios danos se forem produzidos em portagens ampliadas. Além disso, distúrbios metabólicos também servem como fontes dessas espécies reativas, embora o problema possa ser resolvido por meio de suplementos e outros fitoquímicos. Neste estudo, duas espécies de plantas foram avaliadas quanto ao seu potencial biológico, empregando um espectro de ensaios antioxidantes. A atividade antioxidante foi realizada por ensaio de peroxidação lipídica. O extrato de água preparado a partir de folhas de Cannabis sativa e Morus nigra mostrou inibição significativa (P < 0,05) em comparação com o controle, ou seja, 522,6 ± 0,06 e 659,97 ± 0,03 µg / mL contra peroxidação lipídica induzida por ferro em homogenato de cérebro de cabra, enquanto as inibições foram 273,54 ± 0,04 e 309,18 ± 0,05 µg / mL contra a peroxidação lipídica do cérebro induzida por nitroprussiato. A peroxidação lipídica induzida por ferro e nitroprussiato também foi significativamente inibida por extratos de folhas de Cannabis sativa e Morus nigra em homogenatos de fígado, como 230,63 ± 0,52 e 326,91 ± 0,01 µg / mL (induzida por ferro), enquanto 300,47 ± 0,07 e 300,47 ± 0,07 µg / mL (induzida por nitroprussiato), respectivamente. Os extratos do extrato de Cannabis sativa apresentaram atividade promissora (96,04 ± 0,060%) contra os radicais DPPH enquanto Morus nigra apresentou atividade moderada (34,11 ± 0,120%). Os resultados sugerem que diferentes acessos de Cannabis sativa e Morus nigra são uma fonte potencial de antioxidantes e têm efeito terapêutico [...].

The inhibitory effect of Cannabis Sativa L. and Morus nigra L. against lipid peroxidation in goat liver and brain homogenates

Abstract The present study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential and inhibitory effect ofCannabis sativa and Morus nigra against lipid peroxidation in goat brain and liver homogenates. The formation of free radicals, highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) is a normal metabolic process for cellular signaling and countering the antigens. However, they may cause serious damage if they produced at amplified tolls. In addition, metabolic disorders also serve as sources of these reactive species. Although the issue can be addressed through supplements and other phytochemicals. In this study, two plant species were evaluated for their biological potential by employing a spectrum of antioxidant assays. The antioxidant activity was performed by lipid peroxidation assay. The water extract prepared from leaves of Cannabis sativa and Morus nigra showed significant (P 0.05) inhibition as compared to control i.e., 522.6±0.06 and 659.97±0.03 µg/mL against iron-induced lipid peroxidation in goat brain homogenate while the inhibitions were 273.54±0.04 and 309.18±0.05 µg/mL against nitroprusside induced lipid peroxidation of the brain. The iron and nitroprusside induced lipid peroxidation was also significantly inhibited by leaf extracts of Cannabis sativa and Morus nigra in liver homogenates such as 230.63±0.52 and 326.91±0.01 µg/mL (iron-induced) while 300.47±0.07 and 300.47±0.07 µg/mL (nitroprusside induced), respectively. The extracts of Cannabis sativa extract showed promising activity (96.04±0.060%) against DPPH radicals while Morus nigra showed a moderate activity (34.11±0.120%). The results suggest that different accessions ofCannabis sativa and Morus nigra are a potential source of antioxidants and have a therapeutic effect against disease induced by oxidative stress and hence can be used for novel drug discovery and development.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial antioxidante e o efeito inibitório de Cannabis sativa e Morus nigra contra a peroxidação lipídica em homogenatos de cérebro e fígado de cabras. A formação de radicais livres, espécies altamente reativas de oxigênio (ROS) e espécies reativas de nitrogênio (RNS), é um processo metabólico normal para sinalização celular e combate aos antígenos. No entanto, eles podem causar sérios danos se forem produzidos em portagens ampliadas. Além disso, distúrbios metabólicos também servem como fontes dessas espécies reativas, embora o problema possa ser resolvido por meio de suplementos e outros fitoquímicos. Neste estudo, duas espécies de plantas foram avaliadas quanto ao seu potencial biológico, empregando um espectro de ensaios antioxidantes. A atividade antioxidante foi realizada por ensaio de peroxidação lipídica. O extrato de água preparado a partir de folhas de Cannabis sativa e Morus nigra mostrou inibição significativa (P 0,05) em comparação com o controle, ou seja, 522,6 ± 0,06 e 659,97 ± 0,03 µg / mL contra peroxidação lipídica induzida por ferro em homogenato de cérebro de cabra, enquanto as inibições foram 273,54 ± 0,04 e 309,18 ± 0,05 µg / mL contra a peroxidação lipídica do cérebro induzida por nitroprussiato. A peroxidação lipídica induzida por ferro e nitroprussiato também foi significativamente inibida por extratos de folhas de Cannabis sativa e Morus nigra em homogenatos de fígado, como 230,63 ± 0,52 e 326,91 ± 0,01 µg / mL (induzida por ferro), enquanto 300,47 ± 0,07 e 300,47 ± 0,07 µg / mL (induzida por nitroprussiato), respectivamente. Os extratos do extrato de Cannabis sativa apresentaram atividade promissora (96,04 ± 0,060%) contra os radicais DPPH enquanto Morus nigra apresentou atividade moderada (34,11 ± 0,120%). Os resultados sugerem que diferentes acessos de Cannabis sativa e Morus nigra são uma fonte potencial de antioxidantes e têm efeito terapêutico contra doenças induzidas por estresse oxidativo e, portanto, podem ser usados para a descoberta e desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos.

Comparative study of antioxidant properties of the extracts of Polygonum acre H.B.K

SUMMARY Aims: This study aimed to characterize and compare the antioxidative potential of extracts obtained by infusion, decoction, tincture, aqueous extraction, and hydro-ethanolic maceration from the aerial parts of Polygonum acre H.B.K., which has been traditionally used in herbal preparations, for different purposes. The therapeutic benefits are attributed to phenolic compounds and their antioxidant properties. Methods: All extracts were characterized considering their quantitative content of the total phenolics, flavonoids, condensed and, hydrolysable tannins, by colori-metric methods. EHW-PA was selected for HPLC analysis as it showed a higher yield (10.58 % w/m) and a phenolic content > 200 mg GAE/g dry extract. The phenolic profile showed a chromatogram with 20 peaks, and the presence of gallic acid, rutin, and quercetin was verified by comparison with the retention times of standard compounds. The antioxidant activities were determined by ABTS capture test, ferric reducing antioxidant power test (FRAP), and the superoxide anion scavenging test. Results: Tinctures showed a higher average content of phenolic compounds, present mainly as flavonoid content. A significant correlation coefficient was observed between the total phenolic content and its antioxidant activity, determining by ABTS and FRAP assays. Differently, a low to moderate correlation between the flavonoid content and antioxidant activity was verified. Conclusion: This study reinforces the ethnopharmacological relevance of the Polygonum genus and could contribute to the scientific basis for the use of P. acre preparations.

Objetivos: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar y comparar el potencial antioxidante de extractos obtenidos por infusión, decocción, tintura, extracción acuosa e hidroetanólica de las partes aéreas de Polygonum acre H.B.K., que se ha utilizado tradicionalmente en preparaciones a base de hierbas, para diferentes fines. Los beneficios terapéuticos se atribuyen a los compuestos fenólicos y sus propiedades antioxidantes. Métodos: Todos los extractos se caracterizaron considerando su contenido cuantitativo de fenólicos totales, flavonoides, taninos condensados e hidrolizables, por métodos colorimétricos. Se seleccionó EHW-PA para el análisis de HPLC ya que mostró un rendimiento más alto (10,58% m/m) y un contenido fenólico > 200 mg GAE/g de extracto seco. El perfil fenólico mostró un cromatograma con 20 picos y se verificó la presencia de ácido gálico, rutina y quercetina por comparación con los tiempos de retención de los compuestos estándar. Las actividades antioxidantes se determinaron mediante la prueba de captura ABTS, la prueba del poder antioxidante reductor férrico (FRAP) y la prueba de eliminación del anión superóxido. Resultados: Las tinturas mostraron un mayor contenido promedio de compuestos fenólicos, presentes principalmente como contenido de flavonoides. Se observó un coeficiente de correlación significativo entre el contenido fenólico total y su actividad antioxidante, determinado por ensayos ABTS y FRAP. De manera diferente, se verificó una correlación de baja a moderada entre el contenido de flavonoides y la actividad antioxidante. Conclusión: Este estudio refuerza la relevancia etnofarma-cológica del género Polygonum y podría contribuir a la base científica para el uso de preparaciones de P. acre.

Objetivos: O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar e comparar o potencial antioxidante de extratos obtidos por infusão, decocção, tintura, extração aquosa e maceração hidroetanólica da parte aérea de Polygonum acre H.B.K., tradicional- mente utilizado em preparações fitoterápicas, para diversos fins. Os benefícios terapêuticos são atribuídos aos compostos fenólicos e suas propriedades antioxidantes. Métodos: Todos os extratos foram caracterizados quanto ao teor quantitativo de fenólicos totais, flavonoides, taninos condensados e hidrolisáveis, por métodos colorimétricos. O EHW-PA foi selecionado para análise por HPLC por apresentar maior rendimento (10,58% m/v) e conteúdo fenólico > 200 mg GAE/g de extrato seco. O perfil fenólico apresentou cromatograma com 20 picos, e a presença de ácido gálico, rutina e quercetina foi verificada pela comparação com os tempos de retenção dos compostos padrão. As atividades antioxidantes foram determinadas pelo teste de captura do radical ABTS, ensaio do potencial antioxidante por redução férrica (FRAP) e teste de desativação do ânion superóxido. Resultados: As tinturas apresentaram maior teor médio de compostos fenólicos, presentes, principalmente, na forma de flavonoides. Foi observado um coeficiente de correlação significativo entre o conteúdo fenólico total e sua atividade antioxidante, determinado pelos ensaios de ABTS e FRAP. Diferentemente, verificou-se uma correlação baixa a moderada entre o conteúdo de flavonoides e a atividade antioxidante. Conclusão: Este estudo reforça a relevância etnofarmacológica do gênero Polygonum e pode contribuir para a fundamentação científica do uso de preparações de P. acre.

High polarity extracts obtained from Ilex guayusa Loes. leaves, exhibit antioxidant capacity / Extractos de alta polaridad obtenidos a partir de las hojas de Ilex guayusa Loes. exhiben capacidad antioxidante

Background: Ilex guayusa Loes. belongs to the family Aquifoliaceae. It is an evergreen tree native to the Amazon region. According to traditional uses, it is used as a diaphoretic, narcotic, purgative, among other uses. Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant capacity, quantify phenols and total flavonoids of extracts obtained from Ilex guayusa leaves. Methods: Total ethanolic extract was obtained using Soxhlet-type equipment, with subsequent liquid/liquid fractionation with solvents of different polarities (petroleum ether, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate); were reacted with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+), determining the inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) and relative antioxidant activity (%AAR), with subsequent statistical analysis (ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc). Total phenols and flavonoids were quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and complex formation with AlCl3, respectively. Results: The ethanolic extract of leaves showed the highest antioxidant activity in both the DPPH• and ABTS•+ methods with IC50 values of 4.58 and 3.82 ppm, respectively. Conclusions: According to the results obtained in this study, it was possible to corroborate that the ethanolic extract (EE) obtained from the leaves of I. guayusa showed the highest antioxidant capacity, by the DPPH• and ABTS•+ methods. Additionally, it was possible to relate this capacity to the high flavonoids content present in this extract. Based on the above and accompanied by future studies, the Ilex guayusa species could be proposed as an important source of antioxidant compounds with possible application in medicine and the food industry

Antecedentes:Ilex guayusa Loes. pertenece a la familia Aquifoliaceae. Es un árbol perenne, nativo de la región amazónica. De acuerdo con los usos tradicionales es empleada como diaforético, narcótico, purgativo, entre otros usos. Objetivo: Evaluar la capacidad antioxidante, cuantificar fenoles y flavonoides totales de extractos obtenidos a partir de las hojas de Ilex guayusa. Métodos: El extracto etanólico total se obtuvo mediante un equipo tipo "Soxhlet", con posterior fraccionamiento líquido/líquido con solventes de diferentes polaridades (éter de petróleo, diclorometano y acetato de etilo); se hicieron reaccionar con 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidracilo (DPPH•) y ácido 2,2'-azino-bis-3-etilbenzotiazolin-6-sulfónico (ABTS•+), determinando la concentración inhibitoria 50 (IC50) y la actividad antioxidante relativa (%AAR), con posterior análisis estadístico (ANOVA y post-hoc de Tukey). Los fenoles y flavonoides totales se cuantificaron con el método de Folin-Ciocalteu y el de formación de complejos con AlCl3, respectivamente. Resultados: El extracto etanólico de las hojas fue el que presentó mayor actividad antioxidante tanto en el método DPPH• como en el ABTS•+ con valores de IC50 de 4,58 y 3,82 ppm, respectivamente. Conclusiones: De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos en este estudio, se pudo corroborar que el extracto etanólico obtenido de las hojas de I. guayusamostró la mayor capacidad antioxidante, por los métodos DPPH• y ABTS•+. Adicionalmente, se pudo relacionar esta capacidad con el alto contenido de flavonoides presentes en este extracto. Con base en lo anterior y acompañado de futuros estudios, la especie I. guayusa podría proponerse como una importante fuente de compuestos antioxidantes con posible aplicación en los campos de la medicina y la industria alimentaria

Purified novel and new diferuloyl glycerate related phenolic acid from Pandanus odoratissimus flowers shows antioxidant, invertase inhibition and control against diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) causing bacterial pathogens - An in vitro study to establish an effective regulation over type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract Chronic type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its associated diseases are major concern among human population and also responsible for significant mortality rate. Hence, the present study aims to evaluate and correlate the invertase inhibition, antioxidant activity and control against DFU causing bacterial pathogens by Pandanus odoratissimus flowers. Two dimensional preparative thin layer chromatography (2D PTLC) was adopted to purify the phenolic acid component and LC-MS2 was done to predict the phenolic acid structures. Standard spectrophotometry methods were adopted to investigate the in vitro invertase inhibitory and antioxidant (CUPRAC and ABTS) activities. Agar well diffusion and broth dilution assays were used to record the antibacterial property against DFU causing pathogens isolated from clinical samples. Statistical analyses were used to validate the experiments. A new and novel diferuloyl glycerate related phenolic acid (m/z 442) purified from PTLC eluate has recorded satisfactory cupric ion reducing power (ED50= 441.4±2.5 µg), moderate ABTS radical scavenging activity (IC50= 450.3±10 µg; 32.5±1.5%), and a near moderate, in vitro, invertase mixed type inhibition (24.5±4.5%; Ki: 400 µg). Similarly, bacterial growth inhibitory kinetics has showed a significant inhibition against E. coli and S. aureus.

Research on the antioxidant activity of metabolites from a sponge-derived fungus Alternaria sp. F49 / 药学学报

To study the chemical constituents from the the deep-sea fungus Alternaria sp. F49. Seven compounds were isolated from the EtOAc extract by using silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, ODS and HPLC methods. Based on the spectroscopic analysis, their structures were identified as (8R)-5-O-methyl-orcinotriol (1), orcinotriol (2), α-acetylorcinol (3), 3'-hydroxyalternariol 5-O-methyl ether (4), altenusiol (5), altenusin (6), and 5'-methoxy-6-methyl-biphenyl-3,4,3'-triol (7). (8R)-5-O-Methyl-orcinotriol (1) is a new phenolic compound which has never been reported in the literature. Compounds 4-7 showed strong DPPH free radical scavenging activity; whereas compounds 1-7 showed strong ABTS free radical scavenging activity.

Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Antibiofilm Potential of Peppermint (Mentha piperita) Essential Oil for Application in Meat Products

The current study was carried out to examine in-vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant and antibiofilm efficacy of Peppermint essential oil (PEO) for its potential application in meat products. Antimicrobial activity was measured by using zone inhibition assay (ZOI) and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against ten food borne pathogens including four Gram-positive viz. Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus and six Gram-negative viz. Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa whereas antioxidant assay was measured using 1,1 diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2-2- azinobis-3 ethylbenthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity. Maximum zone size was observed for Proteus mirabilis whereas, MIC values ranged from 5000-20000 ppm for all tested organisms. The oil was found to be more effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Antibiofilm activity (%) was also performed against pure cultures of two pathogens i.e. Listeria monocytogenes and Proteus mirabilis as positive control. The results exhibited that with application of PEO, biofilm formation of both Listeria monocytogenes and Proteus mirabilis was inhibited by 45.80% and 73.01%, respectively in contrast to their respective controls. ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity of PEO was measured at five different concentrations and values were ranging from 17.24-49.07% for ABTS whereas 35.16 – 60.70% for DPPH under investigation. It can be concluded that peppermint essential oil possesses potent antimicrobial, antioxidant and antibiofilm activity and can be further used as a natural alternative for preservation in meat industry

Effect of mango (Mangifera indica) cv. azúcar juice consumption on plasma antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress biomarkers / Efecto del consumo del jugo de mango (Mangifera indica) variedad azúcar sobre la capacidad antioxidante del plasma y biomarcadores de estrés oxidativo

Background: Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the world's most consumed fruit, and it is also a rich source of antioxidants that may prevent oxidative stress. Objectives: This study aimed to determine if mango (cv. Azúcar) juice can improve the antioxidant status of healthy individuals with low consumption of vegetables and fruit. Methods: This was a cross-over single-blind study carried out with 16 healthy individuals for 73 days. Participants were randomly assigned to either a mango juice period or a placebo period. Total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, mangiferin, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total glutathione, and 8 hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels were determined in plasma. Results: Plasma antioxidant activity was significantly higher in the juice consumption period than the placebo consumption period; however, total phenolic content, total glutathione, TBARS, and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels did not show significant differences between juice period and placebo period. Mangiferin was detected in every participant after juice consumption. Conclusions: Mango (cv. Azúcar) juice daily consumption improves plasma antioxidant capacity.

Antecedentes: El mango (Mangifera indica L.) es una de las frutas más consumidas en el mundo y también es una fuente rica en antioxidantes los cuales pueden prevenir el estrés oxidativo. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si el mango (c.v Azúcar) puede mejorar el estado antioxidante de individuos sanos con un bajo consumo de frutas y vegetales. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio cruzado, simple-ciego en 16 individuos sanos durante 73 días. Los participantes fueron asignados aleatoriamente al período del consumo del jugo o del placebo. Se determinó el contenido fenólico total, la capacidad antioxidante y los niveles de sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbiturico (TBARS), mangiferina, glutatión total y 8-hidroxi-guanosina, en el plasma obtenido de los participantes. Resultados: La capacidad antioxidante en plasma fue mayor en el período del consumo del jugo en comparación con el período del consumo del placebo; sin embargo, el contenido fenólico total, y los niveles de glutation total, 8-hidroxideoxiguanosina y TBARS no mostraron diferencias significativas entre el período del jugo y el período del placebo. La mangiferina se detectó en todos los individuos después del consumo del jugo. Conclusiones: El consumo diario de jugo de mango variedad Azúcar mejora la capacidad antioxidante en plasma.

Free radical scavenging activity and antioxidative potential of various solvent extracts of Mussaenda macrophylla Wall: An in vitro and ex vivo study

This study investigates the phytochemical composition, free radical scavenging activities, and antioxidative potential of various extracts of Mussaenda macrophylla. Phytochemicals such as alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids were found to be present in various extracts of M. macrophylla. Aqueous extract of M. macrophylla has the highest total phenolic (387.61 ± 14.10 mg gallic acid equivalent/g) and flavonoid (5,761.65 ± 38.5 mg quercetin equivalent/g) contents. The antioxidative potential of M. macrophylla extracts was measured by their ability to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anions (O2 •− ), and 2, 2′-azino-bis-(3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) in a cell free system. The aqueous extract of M. macrophylla possessed the highest scavenging activities for DPPH, O2 •− , and ABTS with IC50 of 25.92 ± 0.33 μg/ml, 4.12 ± 0.94 μg/ml, and 17.20 ± 0.50 μg/ml, respectively. Furthermore, the scavenging activities of the aqueous extract of M. macrophylla against ABTS and O2 •− were found to be more effective than ascorbic acid which was used as standard. The total reducing power of M. macrophylla extracts was also determined by measuring the transformation of Fe3+ into Fe2+ and the methanolic extract was found to exhibit the highest reducing power. The aqueous extract of M. macrophylla showed the highest inhibitory activities against mice erythrocyte hemolysis and lipid peroxidation in the liver homogenate with an inhibition rate of 80.53% and 65.33%, respectively

Screening, Production and Partial Characterization of a Thermostable Laccase from Trametes sp. Isolate B7 with Biotechnological Potentials

The search for efficient and green oxidation technologies has increased interest in utilization of laccases in non conventional methods. Laccases catalyze a wide range of substrates due to low substrate specificity and strong oxidative potentials. Challenges to large-scale enzyme utilization include, low enzyme activity and instability which restrict use in many areas of biotechnology. In the study, 59 fungi comprising Aspergillus niger (40%), Trichoderma harzianum (31%), Aspergillus flavus (9.0%), Trichoderma viride (5.0%), Fusarium oxysporum (5.0%), Rhizopus stolonifer (5.0%), Trametes sp. (3.0%) and Aspergillus nidulans (2.0%) were isolated and screened for laccase production. Plate screening test showed 57.5%, 34.0% and 8.5% of fungi were laccase-positive on ABTS, Guaiacol, and α-naphthol agar respectively. Isolates were further screened in liquid cultures, and the highest laccase producer identified molecularly. Trametes sp isolate B7 was selected for solid state fermentation (SSF). Laccase production in SSF was highest at pH 5.0 (2356 U/mL). The purified laccase showed high activity (pH 3.0 - 6.0) and stability (pH 3.0 - 8.5) using ABTS. It was active (20 - 80°C) and thermostable (30 - 80°C) with optimum stability at 70°C (100% for 1 hour). The percentage decolourization of Phenol red were 28% and 36% using 1000 U/mL and 2000 U/mL crude laccases respectively. Similarly, RBBR (100%), Congo red (75%) and Malachite green (62%), and 77.4%, 64% and 28% were decolourized using 1000 U/mL and 2000 U/mL crude laccases respectively. ABTS agar was very reliable in large-scale screening for laccase which possessed thermostable property and degraded synthetic dyes without use of enzyme mediators. These attribute made the enzyme suitable for application in industry and biotechnology.

Antioxidant Studies On Methanol And Aqueous Extracts Of Gymnosporia Montana Plant

Objective: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the free radical scavenging activity of methanol (70%) and aqueous extract of G. montana leaves which is a traditionally used herb known for its hepatoprotective activity. Methods: The in vitro antioxidant activity of G. montana extract was determined using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiaziline-6-sulfonate (ABTS), Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, Superoxide anion radical scavenging activity and Reducing Power ability at three different concentrations (1.78µg/ml, 3.57µg/ml and 7.14µg/ml). Results: The Results revealed similar observations between the methanol and aqueous extract with respect to standard and showed potent antioxidant activity. Ascorbic acid was used as a standard, which showed IC50 value 4.71µg/ml, whereas, methanol and aqueous extract showed 5.08 µg/ml and 5.69 µg/ml. Three different concentrations were used which showed a dose-dependent non-significant increase in percent inhibition. Conclusion: Findings indicate that this plant is a good source of antioxidant and can be used for the treatment of diseases as such medicinal plant extracts are natural products and they are comparatively safe, eco-friendly, less expensive and locally available. Hence, the validation of the effects of these herbal remedies will have to be undertaken for their wider acceptance.

Fruiting increases total content of flavonoids and antiproliferative effects of Cereus jamacaru D.C. Cladodes in sarcoma 180 cells in vitro

Objective: To evaluate the influence of fruiting phenological stage on total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and antiproliferative effects of Cereus jamacaru (C. jamacaru) (mandacaru) cladodes and fruit. Methods: Fruit and cladodes at vegetative and fruiting stage of C. jamacaru were collected. The fruit was dissected and bark, pulp, and seeds were separated. Vegetative and fruiting cladodes, together with bark, pulp, and seeds were used to obtain five hydroalcoholic extracts. The extracts were investigated for total flavonoid content, using AlCl

Antioxidant Activities of Chicken Egg White Hydrolysates Obtained by New Purified Protease of Aspergillus avenaceus URM 6706

Abstract Protein hydrolysates originating from egg white have already been reported to be bioactive and, among their biological activities, possess the antioxidant property that protects the body from early ageing and diseases linked to oxidation. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of hydrolysates obtained by the hydrolysis of egg white from hen poultry. The protease produced by Aspergillus avenaceus URM 6706 was purified and subsequently applied to hydrolysate the egg white, and the degree of hydrolysis was verified during the protease exposure time (4-24 h). The hydrolysis was intensified over time of exposure to the protease. It was possible to detect the antioxidant activities of eliminating the 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical (ABTS•+) from 97% to 99% and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) up to 27%, as well as the chelation of Cu2+ metal ions up to 62% and Fe2+ up to 54%. The elimination of ABTS•+ radical had a positive correlation with the degree of hydrolysis; however, all the other activities tested showed a negative correlation with the degree of hydrolysis. The results obtained suggest that the egg white of hen chicken represents a food source of animal origin with potential application in the functional food industry.

Nutrients and bioactive compounds of pulp, peel and seed from umbu fruit / Nutrientes e compostos bioativos de polpa, casca e semente de umbu

ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to evaluate the nutritional composition and bioactive compounds of whole umbu fruit, including pulp, seed and peel, and also of a commercial umbu pulp. Samples of the fractions and of commercial pulp were analyzed for determination of minerals and proximate composition, total phenolic and antioxidant activity. Pulps and peel were also analyzed for vitamin C and carotenoids contents. Commercial pulp presented better nutritional composition than fresh pulp (P<0.05) and the peel presented higher phenolic content and antioxidant activity than seed. Peel also stood out by its vitamin C (79 mg.100 g-1) and total carotenoids (2,751 µg.100 g-1) contents, showing that, as the main barrier of the fruit for its protection, it is a fraction rich in bioactive compounds. The highest dietary fiber and iron contents were observed in umbu seed (P<0.05). Therefore, umbu by-products may be ingredients proper for development of food richer in nutrients and bioactive compounds.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição nutricional e compostos bioativos do umbu, incluindo polpa, semente, casca e uma polpa comercial do fruto. Amostras das frações e da polpa comercial foram analisadas para determinação da composição centesimal e mineral, compostos fenólicos totais e capacidade antioxidante. As polpas e casca também foram analisadas quanto aos teores de vitamina C e carotenoides. A polpa comercial apresentou melhor composição nutricional em comparação com a polpa fresca (P<0,05). A casca do fruto apresentou maior teor de compostos fenólicos e capacidade antioxidante que a semente. A casca também se destacou pelos seus teores de vitamina C (79 mg.100 g-1) e carotenoides totais (2.751 µg.100 g-1), mostrando que, como principal barreira do fruto para sua proteção, é uma fração rica em compostos bioativos. Os maiores teores de fibras e ferro foram observados na semente de umbu (P<0,05). Portanto, os subprodutos do despolpamento do fruto podem ser ingredientes adequados para o desenvolvimento de alimentos mais ricos em nutrientes e compostos bioativos.

Anti-oxidant components in Scutellaria baicalensis based on HPLC-ABTS-DAD-Q-TOF/MS / 中草药

Objective: To establish a two-dimensional fingerprint of Scutellaria baicalensis between characteristic chemical composition and anti-oxidant activity, and to study its anti-oxidant constituents on-line. Methods: The scavenging activities of S. baicalensis for ABTS+ by HPLC-ABTS-DAD-Q-TOF/MS was studied and its active constituents were screened. A total of ten anti-oxidant components in S. baicalensis were identified. The anti-oxidant activities of different active ingredients were evaluated by anti-oxidant efficiency. Results: The data showed that baicalin, 5,7,2’,5’-tetrahydroxy-8,6’-dimethoxy flavone, 5,7,2’- trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone, and baicalein had stronger anti-oxidant activity, and 6-C-arabinosyl-8-C-glucosylchrysin, 6-C-glucosyl-8-C-arabinosyl-chrysin, oroxyloside, chrysin-7-O-glucuronide, wogonoside, and norwogonin had less anti-oxidant activity. Conclusion: HPLC-ABTS-DAD-Q-TOF/MS method can rapidly analyze and identify the anti-oxidant components in S. baicalensis, and these experimental data can provide support for the basic research of the anti-oxidant ingredients of S. baicalensis.

Antioxidant activities in vitro and components analysis of methanol extract of Actinidia arguta by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS / 中草药

Objective: To investigate and analyze antioxidant activities in vitro and the active ingredients of the methanol extract of Actinidia arguta. Methods: In this study, antioxidant activities of extract of A. arguta were carried out by using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays in vitro. Qualitative analysis of major active components was performed by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. Results: Extract of A. arguta had good scavenging effect on DPPH and ABTS free radical in vitro, and the EC50 values of scavenging effect of extract of A. arguta on DPPH and ABTS free radical were (26.275 ± 1.464) and (29.826 ± 1.309) mg/mL, respectively. On the basis of UV and mass spectral analysis, a total of 19 chemical compositions were preliminarily identified. Conclusion: extract of A. arguta has good antioxidant activity in vitro, and polyhydroxyl and unsaturated double bonds are the main active constituents.

Fruiting increases total content of flavonoids and antiproliferative effects of Cereus jamacaru D.C. cladodes in sarcoma 180 cells in vitro

Objective: To evaluate the influence of fruiting phenological stage on total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and antiproliferative effects of Cereus jamacaru (C. jamacaru) (mandacaru) cladodes and fruit. Methods: Fruit and cladodes at vegetative and fruiting stage of C. jamacaru were collected. The fruit was dissected and bark, pulp, and seeds were separated. Vegetative and fruiting cladodes, together with bark, pulp, and seeds were used to obtain five hydroalcoholic extracts. The extracts were investigated for total flavonoid content, using AlCl3 colorimetric method, antioxidant activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging capacity and Fe2+ ion chelating activity, and in vitro antiproliferative effects (sarcoma 180 cells) by 3-(4,5- dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay. Results: The extract of C. jamacaru cladodes at the fruiting stage showed higher flavonoid content compared to the other extracts. Seed extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays, and the extract of cladodes at vegetative stage showed better antioxidant activity in Fe2+ ion chelating activity. The extract of fruiting cladodes promoted higher antiproliferative effects compared to the other extracts. Conclusions: These findings suggest that fruiting increases the content of flavonoids and antiproliferative effects of C. jamacaru cladodes. Data reinforce the potential use of C. jamacaru cladodes and fruits as natural antioxidants and potent anticancer agent.

Quality Evaluation of Brown Rice Sulgidduk Containing Acorn Powder

This study examined the quality characteristics of brown rice Sulgidduk containing acorn powder and the optimal mixing rate (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%). The moisture contents of brown rice Sulgidduk increased with increasing amount of acorn powder. The DPPH free radical scavenging activities (16.15%~28.06%) and ABTS free radical scavenging activities (22.98%~42.81%) of the brown rice Sulgidduk increased with increasing acorn powder content. The L value of the Hunter's color value decreased with increasing amount of acorn powder. The hardness and chewiness of brown rice Sulgidduk increased with increasing amount of acorn powder. The brown rice Sulgidduk containing 10% acorn powder showed the highest score with regard to the sensory characteristics. These results suggest that the most desirable amount of acorn powder is 10% and the addition of acorn powder could contribute positively toward the quality characteristics of brown rice Sulgidduk.